Makeのことはじめ ref: http://qiita.com/thaladabar/items/1f72a3359acb5cf7428e

file0.txt

.PHONY ターゲット
ターゲット: 依存ファイル
    [実行コマンド]

file1.txt

% make ターゲット

file10.txt

.cpp.o:
    コマンド

file11.txt

.PHONY: debug
debug: main.o sub1.o
    clang++ main.o sub1.o

.cpp.o:
    clang++ -c -std=c++14 -O3 -g $< 

file12.txt

CC=clang++
SRCS=main.cpp sub1.cpp
EXE_FILE=exe_
CXXFLAGS=-c -std=c++14
OBJS=$(SRCS:.cpp=.o)
DEFINE=NDEBUG

.PHONY: debug
debug: EXE_FILE=exe_debug
debug:CXXFLAGS+=-g -O3 -Wall -W
debug: build

.PHONY: release
release: EXE_FILE=exe_release
release: CXXFLAGS+=-O0 -DNDEBUG
release: build

.PHONY: build
build: $(OBJS)
    $(CC) -o $(EXE_FILE) $(OBJS)

.cpp.o:
    $(CC) -c -std=c++14 $(CXXFLAGS) $< 

.PHONY: clean
clean:
    rm -f $(EXE_FILE)* $(OBJS)

file13.txt

clang++ -MMD -std=c++11 -c main.cpp

file16.txt

CC=clang++
SRCS=main.cpp sub1.cpp
DEPS=$(SRCS:.cpp=.d)
EXE_FILE=exe_
CXXFLAGS=-c -std=c++14
OBJS=$(SRCS:.cpp=.o)
DEFINE=NDEBUG

-include $(DEPS)

.PHONY: debug
debug: EXE_FILE=exe_debug
debug:CXXFLAGS+=-g -O3 -Wall -W
debug: build

.PHONY: release
release: EXE_FILE=exe_release
release: CXXFLAGS+=-O0 -DNDEBUG
release: build

.PHONY: build
build: $(OBJS)
    $(CC) -o $(EXE_FILE) $(OBJS)

.cpp.o:
    $(CC) -c -MMD -MP -std=c++14 $(CXXFLAGS) $< 

.PHONY: clean
clean:
    rm -f $(EXE_FILE)* $(OBJS)

file2.txt

.PHONY output
output:
    echo "test"

file3.txt

echo "test" # makeの出力
test        　# echoの出力

file5.txt

.PHONY: debug
debug: main.cpp
    clang++ -std=c++14 -O3 -g main.cpp

.PHONY: release
release: main.cpp
    clang++ -std=c++14 -O0 -DNDEBUG main.cpp

file9.txt

.PHONY: debug
debug: main.cpp sub1.cpp
    clang++ -std=c++14 -O3 -g main.cpp
    clang++ -std=c++14 -O3 -g sub1.cpp
    clang++ -o main main.o sub1.o

main.cpp

#include <iostream>

#include "sub1.hpp"

int main(int argc, char const* argv[])
{
    std::cout << "make test" << std::endl;
    sub1();
#ifdef NDEBUG
    std::cout << "NO DEBUG" << std::endl;   
#else
    std::cout << "DEBUG" << std::endl;   
#endif
    return 0;
}

main.d

main.o: main.cpp sub1.hpp

sub1.hpp:

sub1.cpp

#include <iostream>

#include "sub1.hpp"

void sub1()
{
    std::cout << "sub1" << std::endl;
}

sub1.hpp

#pragma once

void sub1();