A primer on Amotz Zahavi’s idea of “costly signals” (often called the handicap principle).
Some messages are believable because they’re expensive or risky to send; only the genuinely strong/committed can afford them, so the signal stays honest.
- Signal: any observable act meant to convey hidden qualities (strength, reliability, loyalty, competence).
- Cheap talk: words or gestures that are easy to fake (“Trust me!”).