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Prova Language Specification

Version 0.4 (draft). Status: design complete for a v1 compiler; open items listed in section 15. Changes from 0.1 are recorded in Appendix B, from 0.2 in Appendix C, and from 0.3 in Appendix D.

1. Purpose and founding principle

Prova is a programming language designed for code generation by large language models. Its founding principle:

A Prova program is a claim plus its evidence. The compiler rejects claims without evidence.

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import kotlin.random.Random

class Node(var value: Int) {
    var left: Node? = null
    var right: Node? = null
}

class BinaryTree {
    var root: Node? = null

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class Node:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.adjacent_nodes = []
        self.name = name
        self.traversed = 0

    def add_adjacent_node(self, adjacent_node):
        self.adjacent_nodes.append(adjacent_node)

    def is_small_cave(self):

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class Node:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.adjacent_nodes = []
        self.name = name
        self.traversed = 0

    def add_adjacent_node(self, adjacent_node):
        self.adjacent_nodes.append(adjacent_node)

    def is_small_cave(self):

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def within_bounds(_y, _x, matrix):
    return 0 <= _y < len(matrix) and 0 <= _x < len(matrix[0])


def adjacent_cells(y, x, matrix):
    for _y in range(y - 1, y + 2):
        for _x in range(x - 1, x + 2):
            if within_bounds(_y, _x, matrix):
                yield _y, _x

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from functools import reduce


def calc_basin_size(y, x, matrix, fill_matrix, size):
    fill_matrix[y][x] = 1
    up_size = 0
    dn_size = 0
    lf_size = 0
    rt_size = 0
    if y > 0 and fill_matrix[y - 1][x] == 0 and matrix[y-1][x] != 9:

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def contains_all(str, set):
    return 0 not in [c in str for c in set]


def find_digits(input_parts):
    digits = [""] * 10
    cands960 = set()
    cands532 = set()
    for input_part in input_parts:
        if len(input_part) == 2:

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<d:devices xmlns:d="http://schemas.android.com/sdk/devices/3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <d:device>
    <d:name>HUAWEI Mate 20 X</d:name>
    <d:manufacturer>HUAWEI</d:manufacturer>
    <d:meta/>
    <d:hardware>
      <d:screen>
        <d:screen-size>large</d:screen-size>
        <d:diagonal-length>7.20</d:diagonal-length>

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package com.company;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class Main {

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    @Test
    void shouldCompressAndDecompress() throws IOException {
        whenCompressingData();
        thenDataIsCompressed();
        thenCompressedDataShouldBeCorrectlyDecompressed();
        thenTheCompressionRatioIsPrintedOut();
    }

    private void thenTheCompressionRatioIsPrintedOut() {
        long inputSize = TEST_DATA.getBytes().length;