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See more of my writing here.

In this post, I'll start from scratch and build up to OpenClaw's architecture step by step, showing how you could have invented it yourself from first principles, using nothing but a messaging API, an LLM, and the desire to make AI actually useful outside the chat window.

End goal: understand how persistent AI assistants work, so you can build your own (or become an OpenClaw power user).

First, let's establish the problem

When you use ChatGPT or Claude in a browser, there are several limitations:

`assert()` (sometimes called `invariant()`)

Instead of checks like:

if (value === null) {
  throw new Error("missing value")
}
doSomethingThatNeedsValue(value)

Replacing Create React App with the Next.js CLI

How dare you make a jab at Create React App!?

Firstly, Create React App is good. But it's a very rigid CLI, primarily designed for projects that require very little to no configuration. This makes it great for beginners and simple projects but unfortunately, this means that it's pretty non-extensible. Despite the involvement from big names and a ton of great devs, it has left me wanting a much better developer experience with a lot more polish when it comes to hot reloading, babel configuration, webpack configuration, etc. It's definitely simple and good, but not amazing.

Now, compare that experience to Next.js which for starters has a much larger team behind it provided by a world-class company (Vercel) who are all financially dedicated to making it the best DX you could imagine to build any React application. Next.js is the 💣-diggity. It has amazing docs, great support, can grow with your requirements into SSR or static site generation, etc.

So why

Using JSDOC-Based TypeScript

Get Started

Choose your editor

WebStorm, Rider
- Partial support, not enough intelli hints
- Toggle on TypeScript language service
VSCode

CSS Layout Debugger

A tweet-sized debugger for visualizing your CSS layouts. Outlines every DOM element on your page a random (valid) CSS hex color.

One-line version to paste in your DevTools

Use $$ if your browser aliases it:

~ 108 byte version

	# Create a new worktree and branch from within current git directory.
	ga() {
	if [[ -z "$1" ]]; then
	echo "Usage: ga [branch name]"
	exit 1
	fi

	local branch="$1"
	local base="$(basename "$PWD")"
	local path="../${base}--${branch}"

	/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
	import { type TRPCQueryOptions } from '@trpc/tanstack-react-query';
	import { unstable_noStore } from 'next/cache';
	import { Fragment, Suspense, type ReactNode } from 'react';
	import { ErrorBoundary } from 'react-error-boundary';
	import { HydrateClient, prefetch as prefetchTRPC } from '@/trpc/server';

	type AwaitProps<T> =
	\| {
	promise: Promise<T>;

	const { safeEnv } = require('./src/env')

	// Note: NextConfig type allows any keys, so we are plucking the specific keys we want to type-check.
	/**
	* @type {Pick<
	* import('next').NextConfig,
	* \| 'webpack'
	* \| 'env'
	* >}
	*/

	// 粘贴到 chrome devtool console 中执行
	// 使用场景
	// 1. 想复制只读文档的内容
	// 2. 担心复制内容的行为被公司监听了

	function removeAllEvents(event) {
	function removeEvent(el, type) {
	const listeners = (getEventListeners(el)[type] \|\| []);

	el[`on${type}`.toLowerCase()] = null;

	import { BroadcastChannel, createLeaderElection } from 'broadcast-channel'
	import React from 'react'

	const channels = {}

	export function useBroadcastLeader(id = 'default') {
	const [isBroadcastLeader, setIsBroadcastLeader] = React.useState(false)

	React.useEffect(() => {
	if (!channels[id]) {