This note compares Miden VM origin/next at 974895ab with PR #3811 at 5cd37c84. Protocol references use origin/next at 3684725a. The local ~/tmp/miden-base checkout is now on that commit.
Each transaction with deferred work has one witness and one root. A witness may contain several precompile calls. A batch needs the witnesses in transaction order and one PVM proof over their ordered roots.
On current origin/next, protocol hydrates the same transaction witness twice: