- AES Encryption & Block Ciphers
- What are the four main primitives in a round of AES?
- What is a block cipher mode? Describe one mode and its properties.
- Public-Key Cryptography & Key Exchange
- Why is authentication necessary in Diffie-Hellman key exchange?
- What is a downgrade attack in cryptographic protocols? How can it be prevented?
- What is a One-Time Pad? Provide the formula, an advantage, and a disadvantage.
- What is a block cipher mode? Can you describe a mode of your choice?
- Compare HMAC-SHA3 with RSA-based digital signatures in terms of integrity, confidentiality, and non-repudiation.
- What are the four main primitives used in a round of AES? Provide their names and a one-sentence description of each.
- Why is authentication of Diffie-Hellman key exchange parameters important?
- Explain Kerckhoff’s principle.
- What is a digital certificate, and how is it used in HTTPS? Who issues and verifies it? What attacks can occur if certificates are not used?
- What is a downgrade attack in cryptographic protocols, and how can it be prevented?
Here is a table covering all the pollutants mentioned in your dataset (AP001.csv
), including their size, effects, and categorization based on their impact:
Pollutant | Size/Measurement | Effects on Health & Environment | Categorization (Good to Hazardous) |
---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | ≤ 2.5 µm | Deep lung penetration, cardiovascular & respiratory diseases. | Good (0-30), Moderate (31-60), Unhealthy (61-90), Very Unhealthy (91-120), Hazardous (121+) |
PM10 | ≤ 10 µm | Causes throat irritation, respiratory issues, and reduced visibility. | Good (0-50), Moderate (51-100), Unhealthy (101-250), Very Unhealthy (251-350), Hazardous (351+) |
NO (Nitric Oxide) | ppb (parts per billion) | Contributes to smog & acid rain, impacts lung funct |
- The diagonal values indicate correctly classified samples.
- Class 0 (207,107 samples) has perfect classification (no false positives).
- Misclassifications are observed in Classes 1, 2, and 3 but are relatively low compared to correct predictions.
- Classes 2 and 3 have the highest true positive counts, indicating strong performance.
✅ Conclusion: The model effectively classifies the dominant categories but might require fine-tuning to improve minor class predictions.
Recent studies have explored various machine learning and deep learning approaches to predict air quality, achieving notable performance metrics:
-
Optimized Machine Learning Model for AQI Prediction in Indian Cities (2023):
- Method: Combined Grey Wolf Optimization with Decision Tree algorithms.
- Performance: Achieved accuracy rates of 88.98% for New Delhi, 91.49% for Bangalore, 94.48% for Kolkata, 97.66% for Hyderabad, 95.22% for Chennai, and 97.68% for Visakhapatnam. (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
-
AirPhyNet: Physics-Guided Neural Network for Air Quality Prediction (2024):
- Method: Integrated physics principles of air particle movement into a deep learning framework.
- Performance: Demonstrated superior accuracy in lead times up to 72 hours, with reductions in Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) by 3.7% and 6.1%, respectively, compared to other methods. ([arxiv.org](https
Your hybrid air quality classification model stands out due to its unique combination of methodologies compared to existing research. Here’s what makes it different and innovative:
Feature | Your Model | Other Research |
---|---|---|
Hybrid Architecture | ✅ Combines individual pollutant severity classification with overall AQI prediction | ❌ Most models focus only on AQI or single-pollutant analysis |
Deep Learning Approach | ✅ Uses Multi-Head Attention, Bidirectional LSTMs, and Dense Layers | |
Attention Mechanisms | ✅ Employs Multi-Head Attention + Traditional Attention layers for pollutant interactions |
This script is a comprehensive pipeline for categorizing food items based on their nutritional values using a deep learning approach with an attention mechanism. The code performs data preprocessing, feature engineering, handling class imbalance, and building a multi-input neural network to classify food into categories based on macronutrient composition.
Enhancing your machine learning (ML) model for dietary recommendations in healthcare can be approached through several strategies:
- Addressing Dietary Complexity with Advanced ML Techniques: Dietary data is inherently complex due to the interactions between various nutrients and individual health outcomes. Traditional methods may fall short in capturing these intricate relationships. Implementing advanced ML algorithms, such as random forests or gradient boosting, can model these complexities more effectively, leading to more accurate and personalized dietary recom
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