I took on a larger project recently. I am converting a Corian countertop/sink + island + desk in a kitchen area over to a hardwoood live-edge counter top.
Laminate - A bunch of boards/planks glued side by side in this case
Butcherblock - Typically end-grain up and down on smaller pieces of wood all glued together. In this build, the planks are full thickness of the countertop, and run long grain down the length of the counter top