Unity find atlas of a UI.Image.Sprite and set it as AssetReferenceAtlasedSprite.

LoadAddressablesSprite.cs

using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.AddressableAssets;
using UnityEngine.ResourceManagement.AsyncOperations;
using UnityEngine.U2D;
using UnityEngine.UI;

public class LoadAddressablesSprite : MonoBehaviour
{
    [SerializeField] private AssetReferenceAtlasedSprite assetReferenceSprite;

    private Image m_image;
    
    
#if UNITY_EDITOR
    [ContextMenu("Find Reference")]
    public void FindReference()
    {
        m_image = GetComponent<Image>();
        if (m_image.sprite != null)
        {
            var sprite = m_image.sprite;
            
            var atlasEntries = new List<UnityEditor.AddressableAssets.Settings.AddressableAssetEntry>();
            UnityEditor.AddressableAssets.AddressableAssetSettingsDefaultObject.Settings.GetAllAssets(atlasEntries,
                false, null,
                e => UnityEditor.AssetDatabase.GetMainAssetTypeAtPath(e.AssetPath) ==
                     typeof(UnityEngine.U2D.SpriteAtlas));
                
            var spriteName = sprite.name;
            if (spriteName.EndsWith("(Clone)"))
                spriteName = spriteName.Replace("(Clone)", "");

            foreach (var a in atlasEntries)
            {
                var atlas = UnityEditor.AssetDatabase.LoadAssetAtPath<SpriteAtlas>(a.AssetPath);
                if (atlas == null)
                    continue;
                var s = atlas.GetSprite(spriteName);
                
                if (s == null || atlas.CanBindTo(sprite) == false)
                    continue;

                if (UnityEditor.AssetDatabase.TryGetGUIDAndLocalFileIdentifier(atlas, out string guid,
                    out long localID))
                {
                    assetReferenceSprite = new AssetReferenceAtlasedSprite(guid);
                    assetReferenceSprite.SetEditorSubObject(sprite);
                }
                break;
            }

        }
    }
#endif
}

I would suggest adding a check at line 40 for a case when different sprites with the same name belong to different atlases.
Like that:

if (s == null || atlas.CanBindTo(sprite) == false)
    continue;

@wisestump thanks for the suggestion, 👍 added